Cellular technology has undergone remarkable development over the last four decades. With the commercial introduction of 5G, humans are again going to take a considerable leap in the fields of IoT, augmented and virtual reality, and tactile internet. Like LTE, the 5G new radio technology is also based on orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing, but unlike the previous generations, it supports a large number of different use cases because of its ability to operate over both high and low-frequency bands.
TopIntroduction
“5G” is the fifth generation of wireless telecommunications technology that will revolutionize many aspects of society. Virtual reality, high-res video streaming, and gaming have all contributed to the rapid growth of mobile networks over the last few years.
Compared to today's network, 5G offers much faster transmission speeds. Compared to 4G and 4G-LTE, 5G will be able to transmit data at speeds up to 10Gbps. With 5G, blockchain, big data, artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and cloud computing can be combined with existing technologies to create innovative services. The 5G standard also offers lower latency in addition to increased speed. It has a response time of less than one millisecond (ms), making it close to real-world response times. Furthermore, 5G is expected to release a huge IoT network, unlike today's IoT services. Due to its high bandwidth, connectivity, and coverage, 5G can also be used for medical devices to provide real-time interaction. 5th-generation (5G) cellular technology has recently taken center stage in global competition because it is expected to be one of the most important sources of revenue for years to come.
In the energy sector, 5G will make the concept of smart virtual power plants more evident, as well as solve the most significant social problems associated with traffic congestion, disaster safety, and climate change (Tripathi and Prasad, 2018).
In addition, blockchain technology can be used to transform energy from producers to consumers in real time, and securely (Raj, Saini, & Surianarayanan, 2022).
Among the different types of 5G use cases, three stand out:
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Enhanced-Mobile-Broadband (eMBB): This refers to an evolution of the improvements made in the consumer experience in cell broadband, which encourages further improvements in customer service.
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Massive-Machine-type Connectivity (mMTC): Contains many devices, such as remote control, actuator, and tracking tools. These systems are primarily designed with a low system cost and relatively low computer power consumption, which allows for very long battery life. Most systems produce and absorb a limited volume of data, making large data volumes less important.
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Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Connectivity (URLLC): For use in industrial automation, automated driving, and virtual surgery, this type of connectivity provides low-latency reactive tools.
TopArchitecture
It is essential that, beyond 4G, some of the major objectives and demands are addressed, including increasing capacity, improving data rates, decreasing latency, and improving quality (Gupta and Jha, 2015).
The third-generation partnership project (3GPP) covers telecommunication technology, including radio access networks (RANs), service capabilities, and core transport networks. In comparison to earlier generations, the 3GPP has released entire system specifications for 5G.
Services are offered by a common framework to network services that need them. The 3GPP requirements for 5G network architecture also call for it to be modular, reusable, and self-contained.
As shown in above figure 1, the 5G architecture and its different components are explained briefly in the following sections.