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Top1. Introduction
Humanity's energy needs have not ceased to grow as it has evolved: first natural resources such as coal and wood were used and then, with scientific progress, oil, gas, hydroelectric power and nuclear energy were introduced (Lafrance, 2002).
Fossil fuels are currently being consumed much faster than they occur in nature, and it is estimated that world reserves will be exhausted by 2030 if consumption is not radically changed, and at the latest by 2100 if efforts are made to produce and consume them (Xu et al., 2015). As this form of energy is limited in time, it is necessary to find another solution to take over, the constraint imposed is to use other sources of energy, while taking into account the economic and environmental bills.
So-called renewable energies are those that come directly or indirectly from the sun. They are not limited in time, as long as the sun shines (i.e. for about 5 billion years). On the other hand, they are limited in terms of available power. The sun, water, wind, wood and other plant products are all natural resources capable of generating energy thanks to technologies developed by man (Hillebrand et al., 2006). Their relative low impact on the environment makes them the energy sources of the future in the face of the problem of nuclear waste management and greenhouse gas emissions. Energy consumption continues to increase, but it seems unlikely that renewable energies will replace other energy resources in the near future (Espey, 2001).
Solar energy has some significant advantages over other energy sources: it is local, free, clean, quiet and sustainable. The first attempts to exploit solar energy used the interaction of matter radiation, i.e. the heating of a black body in the sun (Şen, 2008). Solar energy can be used on almost the entire surface of the earth, so it is enough to capture it and use it. Today, we harness the sun's energy to heat homes and water, and to generate electricity, using three different methods and technologies: photovoltaics, passive solar energy and active solar energy (Raghunathan et al., 2005).
Renewable energy sources in the countries bordering the Mediterranean alone can meet the growing global energy demand. Indeed, the most important energy resource in these countries is solar irradiation, with a potential that can satisfy the world's electricity demand. This resource can be used in both photovoltaic and thermal systems (Concentrating Solar Power for the Mediterranean Region, 2005).
Renewable energies have become a significant part of the world economy, totalling 200 GW, or 12% of the world's energy power. According to 2019 statistics, the installed solar thermal capacity in the world had reached 114.9 GWp, compared to other renewable energy sources, solar thermal is ranked second only to wind power in meeting the growing world demand for energy. (Mottet, 2020; Romano et al., 2020).
Morocco, a net importer of energy products, forecasts a considerable increase in energy consumption in the near future, rising from 10Mtoe in 2000 to 15Mtoe in 2010. These forecasts encourage Morocco to develop renewable energies, such as wind and solar thermal (Berahab & Dadush, 2020). In 2018 nearly 750 000 m2 of solar thermal collectors have been installed in Morocco, the objectives are to achieve the installation of millions of square meters of collectors by 2019, which will save energy imports and reduce the emission of greenhouse gases, currently Morocco is interested in creating and enriching a distribution network and especially improve the productivity of the production of domestic hot water heating (Bennouna, 2020).
The use of solar collectors to heat domestic hot water is a mature alternative. However, wider use is increasingly being considered, especially with solar combisystems, which provide heat for domestic hot water and space heating. These combined systems are much more complex, requiring more attention in the design phase and adequate automatic control systems to achieve the desired performance during operation. The objective of our work is essentially a study of a heating and domestic hot water production installation for an apartment type F3 in Meknes.