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Low-Frequency Data Embedding for DFT-Based Image Steganography

Low-Frequency Data Embedding for DFT-Based Image Steganography

Petar Branislav Jelušić (Faculty of Graphic Arts, University of Zagreb, Croatia), Ante Poljičak (RIT Croatia, Croatia), Davor Donevski (Faculty of Graphic Arts, Croatia), and Tomislav Cigula (Faculty of Graphic Arts, Croatia)
Copyright: © 2022 |Pages: 11
DOI: 10.4018/IJSSCI.312558
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Abstract

As sharing digital media is getting more prominent, there has been a rise in the development of techniques for protecting digital media against misuse. However, the amount of such techniques has been less prominent for printed goods. The data hiding method presented in this paper is suited for the print domain. The method uses the Discrete Fourier Transform to embed data into images and Gray Component Replacement to maintain high image quality by masking embedding artifacts. This research examines whether the method's performance can be optimized using low-frequency ranges for embedding. The aim is to evaluate the usage of low-frequency ranges in order to achieve higher robustness. Different frequency ranges are tested to determine how they affect image quality and detection rates. Tests are conducted in the digital domain. The results show that the method can maintain image quality regardless of the frequency range, and that low-frequency ranges lead to more consistent detection rates. Future research will be done on images in the print domain.
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Background

Data Hiding Techniques

Relevant literature recognizes three main data hiding techniques: cryptography, steganography, and watermarking (Cheddad et al., 2010; Kadhim et al., 2019; Subhedar & Mankar, 2014). Even though they share many common properties, each technique has its distinct priorities and application cases. Due to relevance to this research, only digital watermarking and digital steganography will be explained in-depth. The similarities and differences between the two techniques are provided in Table 1.

Table 1.
Similarities and differences between data hiding techniques (Hussain et al., 2018; Kadhim et al., 2019; Sahu & Sahu, 2020)
CharacteristicSteganographyWatermarking
Goal/ ObjectivePreserve data from detection; Conceal the existence of communicationCopyright protection of cover media
PrioritiesHigh imperceptibility, robustness, security, capacityRobustness
System is invalid ifDetectedRemoved/ replaced

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