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Recently, the sport heart rate becomes an interesting topic in sports medicine (Rigamonti et al. 2020), sports physiology (Krüger et al. 2019), sports training and sports psychology (Gilmore et al. 2018). For a long time, no matter which field is, it is difficult to accurately monitor the exercise intensity of subjects at different levels. It seems that heart rate only reflects only the frequency of heart beat. In essence, heart rate has a linear relationship with exercise intensity and energy metabolism, which can reliably reflect the functional status of human cardiovascular system. Through the sports heart rate estimation, we can accurately understand the immediate response or chronic adaptation of physical function to exercise stimulation. Meanwhile, sports heart rate is sensitive to exercise stimulation and can accurately reflect the changes of body load, which is not only convenient to carry out in the laboratory, but also can be applied to field measurement and real-time measurement (Schneider et al. 2019; Stephenson et al. 2021). It is easy to compare and evaluate the test results. It is easy to apply to sports practice as well. Therefore, the research of sports heart rate provides theoretical guarantee and scientific guidance for sports athlete selection, sports training, medical supervision and fitness.
The sports heart rate monitoring is a practical and simple method in physical fitness physiological selection (Guo et al. 2019. The sports heart rate has high heritability. The heritability behaves in the myocardial systolic characteristics, stroke volume and heart rate of cardiovascular system. The quiet heart rate is used as sports measurement, which is conducive to the selection of athletes with fast heart rate recovery. In general, the quiet and slow children have good heart function. The heart rate recovery can be measured after exercise. The respiratory sinus arrhythmia generally has high negative correlation with the age of human beings. The variability of heart rate has attracted great attention of relevant scholars (Mejia-Mejia et al. 2021; Lin et al. 2017). A large number of researches have shown that respiratory sinus arrhythmia is closely related to cardiovascular function and health status (Yeh et al. 2019). Under low frequency breathing, the respiratory sinus arrhythmia of students with better physical fitness is significantly stronger than that of the control group.
The changes of cardiac function of athletes have some regular patterns (Bjerring et al. 2018). The heart rate of athletes slows down when they are quiet. During exercise, the full mobilization of cardiac reserve is mainly manifested in the increase of heart rate, which constitutes an important part of cardiac reserve. In general, the heart rate and pulse are consistent. The common heart rate includes basic heart rate, heart rate at rest, heart rate during exercise and heart rate after exercise.