Comprehensive Analysis of State-of-the-Art CAD Tools and Techniques for Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

1. Introduction Of Ckd

Initial intervention generally reduces severe disease progress. A report published by Elsevier in February 2020 it shown in figure 1, is indicating the worldwide Growth of Kidney Disease problem is alarming. Near about 8 million peoples are affected by various kinds of kidney related diseases most of kidney disease categorized as Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) or Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). Chronic Kidney Disease are progressive and non-recoverable in most of cases and Acute kidney injury are 100% recoverable. But it is also observed that during the treatment of Acute kidney injury around 30% to 40% patients also started to suffer the Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), which is very serious and danger situation for the patients.

FIGURE 1.

Chronic kidney disease prevalence rates for select countries worldwide 2017

Prevalence rates for chronic kidney disease in select countries worldwide in 2017 (per 100,000 population)

CKD is a condition where the gradual loss is being observed in the functionality of the kidneys disallows the purification of the blood. CKD is one of the clinical problems considering the process of dealing with the disease at its final phase and from top to toe likelihood of expiry (Bikbov & Vos, 2020; Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2018). Due to kidney disease, according to the WHO (World Health Organization) incidents and deaths reported in 2018 in United States only shown in Figures 2 and 3, respectively.

FIGURE 2.

Incidents reported in United States from 2010 to 2017

FIGURE 3.

Death case reported in United Ststes from 2010 to 2017

According to a survey by (National Kidney Foundation, 2002), 60% cases are addressed in undeveloped and developing countries. In Bangladesh around 18% of the peoples are affected with kidney disease and among them most of the patients are affected with DM (Diabetes Mellitus Type 1) (39.02%) and DM-2 (Diabetes Mellitus Type 2) (41.46%). In India, the rise in mortality rate due to chronic diseases has been observed as 3.78 million in 1990 (40.4% of total deaths) to 7.63 million in 2020.