The government has implemented electronic governance to enhance residents’ lives and make government services more flexible and transparent, leveraging advancements in ICT and internet connectivity and raising citizen expectations for more accessible services. This study focuses on e-services, delivering government farm-activity services through an e-agriculture portal and aiming to modernize agricultural practices through technology advancement (Fernando et al., 2016). The e-agriculture portal uses advanced ICT infrastructure to improve agricultural information exchange among farmers, focusing on rural electronics usage, electronic farmers, and agricultural electronics (Zhang & Zhang, 2010). ICT advancements drive automation in business practices, particularly in agriculture. This includes operations such as soil sampling, variable-level fertilization, field and mapping analysis, fertilization, crop scouting, harvesting, data administration, traceability, and system development (Suprem et al., 2013). The implementation of information technology in agriculture contributes to the sector’s success and advancement. The utilization of ICT greatly benefits all stages of farm management, including soil preparation, planting, irrigation, pest management, and harvest (Suprem et al., 2013).
ICT applications consist of expert systems, decision-support systems, sensors, data inventories, and geographic information systems (GIS). According to Suprem et al. (2013), ICT could significantly boost agricultural product sales through e-commerce after harvesting, enhancing the widespread adoption of this technology across various locations. They describe techniques for soil sampling and their technological implementation and utilization of a global positioning system (GPS) and GIS for field and yield mapping; explore advancements in robotic-based harvesters; and outline prospective research in this domain. Additionally, the paper by Suprem et al. delves into food-processing and -packaging technologies, including traceability and the current state of radio frequency identification networking research. It also examines the use of sensor networks, data-management systems, and execution systems. Furthermore, the document addresses automation and control standards, such as fieldbus systems.
Blockchain technology is revolutionizing agricultural systems, particularly in supply-chain management and Intenet of Things (IoT) applications. According to Lin et al. (2020), it enhances food safety, security, quality control, waste reduction, operational data analysis, and efficient contract exchanges, supporting small-scale farmers, and reducing economic costs. Mohamad and Gombe (2023) explore the integration of ICT in agricultural value chains, its outreach and limitations, its diffusion, and its societal impact. The article examines blockchain-related concepts within the realm of ICT-based technology. Additionally, they introduce a model ICT e-agriculture system that integrates blockchain infrastructure, designed for implementation at both local and regional levels. According to Lin et al. (2017), ascertain the technical and social requirements specific to employing blockchain technology in ICT e-agriculture systems, an evaluation tool is put forward. The suggested system and tool offer a means to assess and advance e-agriculture systems effectively. To identify the context-specific technical and social prerequisites of blockchain technology in ICT e-agriculture portals, an evaluation tool was also introduced. The proposed system and tool provide a framework for assessing and implementing advancements in e-agriculture portals (Lin et al., 2017).
An e-agriculture portal monitoring system was designed for farmers in Bangladesh, with a primary focus on advancing both the farmers’ progress and the overall development of the country (Rashid et al., 2016). IoT smart farming is a multidisciplinary field that includes computing, automation, artificial intelligence, communication technology, and agricultural knowledge (Huo et al., 2024). The Smart Sustainable Agriculture platform, which uses IoT and machine-learning technologies as its base, with the goal of improving the effectiveness of agricultural sustainable growth governance (Haval & Rahman, 2024).