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Individuals now have a greater need to use vehicles to meet their mobility requirements due to numerous social and economic needs, as well as the constant and rapid growth of urban populations in many countries. As reported by (Mingardo et al., 2015), parking has increasingly gained importance in urban planning mainly because car ownership and use keep growing while urban space becomes scarcer. Conforming to (Levy et al., 2015), parking, in the practical engineering view, is seen as a utility to be supplied based on measurable demand. In line with (Cats et al., 2016), the rapid growth of motorization in combination with urbanization hassled to an increase in traffic demand and consequently increased saturation of the road network. Moreover, the growing amount of cars and the limited amount of public parking spaces, especially in urban areas, lead to parking problems, as stated by (Hedderich et al., 2017). Then, parking is a major issue of car usage in cities around the globe (Bischoff et al., 2018). Furthermore, Searching for a parking spot is expensive, time-consuming, and causes a significant amount of urban traffic (Arndt et al., 2016). The parking problem involves different issues, such as parking policies, parking search behavior, parking search time estimation (Mannini et al., 2017). The author in (Liao et al., 2018) studied the problem of protecting location and trajectory privacy in 5G-based VSNs (Vehicular Social Networks). The author in (Sun et al., 2018), consider the use of parked vehicles as relay nodes and introduce a method of enabling parked vehicles to provide services in the most energy-efficient manner. Parking coordinates land use and transportation in urban areas, and it is also one of the most important assets, bringing revenues to cities (Lin et al., 2017). In accord with (Saharan et al., 2020), parking is considered to be a big problem because of many reasons, such as increase in population size, number and size of vehicles, limited parking spaces, traffic congestion on roads, locations of parking lots etc.
Drivers encounter great difficulties in parking their vehicles in suitable places, in fact, finding an empty space in a city for parking is a very unpleasant challenge for drivers, because it takes more research time in city streets, consumes a lot of energy, increases traffic congestion, produces more air pollution, causes the risk of having a fine when parking in areas where parking is prohibited or review everything or abandon the objectives of the drivers. According to (Balmer et al., 2021), finding a free parking space in urban areas can be a very challenging task. So as reported (Xu et al., 2013), finding on-street parking spaces in crowded urban areas is a painful challenge to drivers and costly to society. These difficulties can be overcome by the incorporation and use of technology.
Several tools and communication techniques have used to prevent problems in the smart parking systems and helps to give notice drivers by the information needed to find empty spaces for parking, essentially the video surveillance cameras, sensors, actuators, Arduino, Raspberry pi, Bluetooth, RFID, image processing, email, cloud computing, wireless sensor networks, Zigbee and satellite tracking. Due to the use of information and communication technologies, wireless technologies, the Internet of things and big data in the fields of communications, intelligent parking services offer solutions and make it possible for drivers to easily and quickly find parking spaces for their vehicles conveniently at their needs. Unfortunately, these solutions encounter several challenges such as the complexity of the algorithms used, the positioning of the vehicle in relation to the parking lot, the necessary equipment available in the vehicle, the cost of installing and operating the services offered, and the methods of payment available.