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Top1. Introduction
The last decades, energy production is a tough topic that concerns governments and those interested in resources around the world (Abdel-Basset et al., 2021). The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal 7, which is to “ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all”, accounts for the significance growing of renewable energy (RE) strategies and usages (UN, 2020). The RE refers to energies constantly derived from replenishing natural resources such as solar, wind, ocean (tidal and wave), hydropower, biomass, biofuels, geothermal, and electricity (Vakulchuk et al., 2020). Though utmost RE technologies are still developing, numerous governments have approved RE goals and implementations (Adelaja, 2020). Certainly, the ecological friendliness and the progressively engagement potentials make RE an important component of a sustainable future of energy security (ES). There is mass volume of RE literature on how to guide the opportunities and challenges and only few studies are utilized data driven analysis for the massive information and generate the indicators for sustainable ES.
In the literature, Valentine (2011) argued that RE advantages over fossil fuel as to distributing sustainable ES. Wang et al. (2014) claimed RE is not only occupied as a sustainable choice of clean energy scheme, but also approaches to address other social persistent requirements, including ES improvement, environmental effects reduction, and climate change mitigation. Wang et al. (2018) debated RE offers opportunities to ease energy deficiency, and provides up-to-date energy services assessment to substance sustainable progress. The RE are probable to transmit security-related characters close to fossil fuels throughout the provisional stage whereas ES is reinforced as large-scale of RE deployment in the long-term effects (Vakulchuk et al., 2020). However, the necessitous RE policy instruments and technical solutions is miserable, resulting in the RE deployment remains gaps and uninspiring (Adelaja, 2020; Cieplinski et al., 2021). Thus, ES is an imperative encounter to sustainable performance and RE may be a precious issue to be addressed.
ES is a polysemic concept comprehends diverse that evolves and depends consistent with the economic architype’s experiential in energy markets (Chester, 2010). The literature discussed energy subjects in terms of RE and determined its role in ES (Bundschuh et al., 2021; Hasankhani et al., 2021). Wang et al. (2018) proposed RE deployment and ES by investigating the concept evolution and substantiating network symbiosis. Ahmad et al. (2020) argued the ES and reliability need to become dependent on the operational capability to provision expected and unexpected dispersal (generation and consumption) and alteration to continuity sustainability. However, the literature solely occupies ES concept in the view of descriptions, agendas and modeling, and operationalizations, or that pertains it to fossil fuels (Vakulchuk et al., 2020). In order to empathize how ES and RE is approached, an insightful examination how the concepts evolved from past viewpoints, which tend to have dominant regimens, is needed. There are various indicators might launch a linkage approach between the gigantic diffusion of RE and ES (Valentine, 2011; Hache, 2018). In sum, an inclusive unified valuation is crucial in extending the current literature, this study attempts to provide a data-driven analysis that illustrates a clear RE depiction in sustainable ES and discloses impeding augmentation ascribes for future examination.